Biseridens qilianicus (Li and Cheng 1997; Liu, Rubidge and Li 2009). Middle Permian ~260 mya was derived from a sister to Phthinosuchus + Titanophoneus and was basal to Tapinocephalians like Moschops and Jonkeria.

Liu, Rubidge and Li 2009 argued, "The following synapomorphies distinguish Biseridens as an anomodont and not an eotitanosuchian as previously described: short snout; dorsally elevated zygomatic arch and septomaxilla lacking elongated posterodorsal process between nasal and maxilla. The presence of a differentiated tooth row; denticles on vomer, palatine and pterygoid; contact between tabular and opisthotic; lateral process of transverse flange of pterygoid free of posterior ramus and absence of mandibular foramen exclude it from other anomodonts." They did not test more than 15 taxa.

Biseridens has two rows of short, flat post-canine teeth, unlike any other therapsid. The orbit and reflected lamina are larger than in related taxa, so perhaps Biseridens was nocturnal.

Styracocephalus platyrhynchus (Haughton 1929; Fraser-King et al. 2019; Late Permian, 265 mya) wasa tapinocephalian. Tthe squamosal and tabular extend far behind the occiput.

Biseridens qilianicus (Li and Cheng 1997; Liu, Rubidge and Li 2009). Middle Permian ~260 mya was derived from a sister to Phthinosuchus + Titanophoneus and was basal to Tapinocephalians like Moschopsand Jonkeria.

Liu, Rubidge and Li 2009 argued, "The following synapomorphies distinguish Biseridens as an anomodont and not an eotitanosuchian as previously described: short snout; dorsally elevated zygomatic arch and septomaxilla lacking elongated posterodorsal process between nasal and maxilla. The presence of a differentiated tooth row; denticles on vomer, palatine and pterygoid; contact between tabular and opisthotic; lateral process of transverse flange of pterygoid free of posterior ramus and absence of mandibular foramen exclude it from other anomodonts." They did not test more than 15 taxa.

Biseridens has two rows of short, flat post-canine teeth, unlike any other therapsid. The orbit and reflected lamina are larger than in related taxa, so perhaps Biseridens was nocturnal.

Jonkeria ingens (Van Hoepen 1916b; Broom 1929; 4-5m long; Middle Permian)

Boonstra LD 1969. The fauna of the Tapinocephalus Zone (Beaufort Beds of the Karoo). Ann S. Afr. Mus. 56: 1-73.

Fraser-King S, Benoit J, Day MO and Rubidge BS 2019. Cranial morphology and phylogenetic relationship of the enigmatic dinocephalian Styracocephalus platyrhynchus from the Karoo Supergroup, South Africa. Palaeontologia africana 54: 14–29.

Haughton SH 1929. On some new therapsid genera. Annals of the South African Museum 28:55-78.

Li J and Cheng Z 1997. First discovery of eotitanosuchian (Therapsida, Synapsida) of China. Vertebr. Palasiatica 35, 268–282.

Liu J, Rubidge B and Li J 2009. A new specimen of Biseridens qilianicus indicates its phylogenetic position as the most basal anomodont. Proceedings of the Royal Society B 277 (1679): 285–292. online

Van Hoepen ECN 1916. Preliminary description of some new lystrosauri. Annals of the Transvaal Museum 5:214-216.

wiki/Biseridens
wiki/Jonkeria
wiki/Styracocephalus