Parapithecus, Chilecebus, Alouatta and Aotus

Parapithecus grangeri (Schlosser 1910, Simons 1986, Simons 2001, Eocene-Oligocene 35mya) nesst with Alouatta, the howler monkey, in the LRT. A post-orbital plate and three molars are present. Lower incisors are absent. Note the perforated lateral jugal here and in Aloutta, convergent with Indri.

Chilecebus carrascoensis (Flynn et al. 1995; Early Miocene; 20mya) was a tiny New World monkey from Chile.

Alouatta seniiculus (Lacepede 1799) is the extant red howler monkey. It is a member of the Haplorihini (New World monkeys) and is the most primitive of the three tested members. The deep mandible is part of the vocal apparatus. The tail is prehensile.

Aotus trivirgatus (originally Simia trivirgatus, Humboldt 1811) is the extant three-stripe night monkey, northern night monkey or northern owl monkey. It is a member of the Haplorihini (New World monkeys). The large eyes are also found in later tarsiers by convergence. The tail is prehensile.

Flynn J et al. 1995. An Early Miocene anthropoid skull from the Chilean Andes. Nature 373, 603 - 607.

Humboldt A von 1811. Rec. Observ. Zool. vol.1 p.306

de Lacepede BGE 1799. Discours d'ouverture et de clôture du cours d'histoire naturelle : donné dans le Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, l'an VII de la République, et tableaux méthodiques des mammifères et des oiseaux, Paris.

Schlosser M 1911. Beitriige zur Kenntnis der Oligoziinen Landsiiugetiere aus dem Fayum. Beitr. Palaeontol. Geol. Oesterr.-Ung. 24: 51-167.

Simons EL 1995. Crania of Apidium: Primitive Anthropoidean (Primates, Parapithecidae) from the Egyptian Oligocene. American Museum Novitates 3124:10pp.

Simons EL 2001. The cranium of Parapithecus grangeri, an Egyptian Oligocene anthropoidean primate. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 98 (14): 7892–7897.

wiki/Aotus
wiki/Alouatta
wiki/Chilecebus
wiki/Parapithecus